I-Obsididi iyisici semvelo okuthi, ngenxa yokukhanya kwaso, umbala nobulukhuni baso, siqhathanise namatshe ajwayelekile namakristalu akha umhlaba obanzi wamaminerali.
Ngokombono wokuma komhlaba, i-obsidian ingilazi yentaba-mlilo eyenziwe ukuqubuka okungazelelwe kwentaba-mlilo ecebile nge-silicon oxide. Ihlukaniswe njenge "ingilazi" ngoba isakhiwo sayo se-athomu siyabheda futhi asizinzile ngokwamakhemikhali, yingakho ingaphezulu laso linesembozo esibukeka kahle esibizwa nge-cortex.
Ekubukekeni kwayo ngokomzimba, nangokuya ngobumsulwa bayo kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, i-obsidian ingabonakala, icwebezele, icwebe futhi ibonakalise, iveze imibala esukela kokumnyama kuye kokumpunga, kuya ngosayizi wocezu nediphozi evela kuyo. . Ngakho-ke, singayithola ngamathoni aluhlaza, ansundu, e-violet futhi kwesinye isikhathi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezaziwa nge- "mecca obsidian", ebonakala ngombala wayo obomvu-nsundu ngenxa ye-oxidation yezingxenye ezithile zensimbi.
Izakhamizi zaseMexico yasendulo zenza i-obsidian into enhle kakhulu yokwenza izinsimbi nezikhali ezifana nemimese ephaketheni, imimese, namaphuzu we-projectile. Ngokupholisha, abadwebi bangaphambi kukaColombia bathola indawo ebonakalayo lapho benza khona izibuko, izithombe ezibaziweyo, noswazi, kanye nezindlebe, iminyuzi, ubuhlalu, nezimpawu okwakuhlotshiswe ngazo izithombe zonkulunkulu futhi kwahlonishwa izicukuthwane eziphakeme zomphakathi nezempi zangaleso sikhathi.
Umqondo wangaphambi kweSpanishi we-obsidian
Esebenzisa idatha yekhulu le-16, uJohn Clark wenza ukuhlaziywa okujulile komqondo wokuqala weNahua wezinhlobo ze-obsidian. Ngenxa yalolu cwaningo, namuhla siyazi imininingwane ethile esivumela ukuthi siyihlukanise ngokuya ngezimpawu zayo zobuchwepheshe, zobuhle nezamasiko: "I-White obsidian", impunga futhi esobala; “I-Obsidian of the masters” i-otoltecaiztli, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enamazinga ahlukene obala nokukhanya futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuveza amathoni egolide (ngenxa yokufana kwayo ne-elchalchíhuitlf yayisetshenziselwa ukwandiswa kwemihlobiso nezinto zesiko); -red, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-mecca noma ibala, lapho kwenziwa khona amaphuzu we-projectile; "I-obsidian ejwayelekile", emnyama ne-opaque esetshenziselwe ukwenza ama-scrapers nezinsimbi ezihlanganisa izinto ezimbili; "I-Black obsidian", icwebezela futhi ineziqu ezahlukahlukene zokuguquguquka nokubonakala.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kwe-obsidian
Kubantu baseMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi, i-obsidian yayinezicelo eziphawulekayo zokwelapha. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi isebenza kanjani ngokwebhayiloji, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha bekufanele, ikakhulukazi, ekuthwaliseni umthwalo wezimpawu zayo ezingokwesiko nezakhiwo zayo ezithile zomzimba, njengoba kwenzekile ngetshe eliluhlaza ochalchihuitl, elivame ukubizwa nge-jade.
Njengesibonelo salokhu kucatshangelwa kwe-obsidi, uBaba uDurán uyaphawula: “Beza bevela kuyo yonke indawo beya ezikhungweni zaleli thempeli laseTexcatlipoca… bezosebenzisa umuthi waphezulu kubo, kanjalo nengxenye lapho bezwa ubuhlungu, futhi bezwa ukukhululeka okumangazayo… kubo kwakubonakala kuyinto yasezulwini ”.
Ngokwakhe, futhi ebhekisa nasezizuzweni zokwelapha zale kristalu engokwemvelo, uSahagún wabhala ku-Florentine Codex yakhe enkulu: “Baphinde bathi uma owesifazane okhulelwe ebona ilanga noma inyanga lapho kufiphala, isidalwa esiswini sakhe sizozalwa. ama-bezos acwiyiwe (izindebe zomlomo) ... ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abesifazane abakhulelwe abalokothi babheke ukusitheka kwelanga, bangafaka insingo emnyama yamatshe esifubeni, ebingathinta inyama ”. Kulokhu, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-obsidian yayisetshenziswa njengentelezi yokuvikela emiklamweni yonkulunkulu abaxhasa leyo mpi yasezulwini.
Kwakukhona nenkolelo yokuthi ngenxa yokufana kwazo nezinye izitho ezinjengezinso noma isibindi, amatshe omfula obsidian ayenamandla okuphilisa lezi zingxenye zomzimba. UFrancisco Hernández wabhala emlandweni wakhe wemvelo izici ezithile zobuchwepheshe nezokwelapha zamaminerali anezici zokuphulukisa.
Imimese, imimese ephaketheni, izinkemba nezinkemba ezazisetshenziswa amaNdiya, futhi cishe zonke izinsimbi zabo zokuzisika zazenziwe nge-obsidian, itshe elibizwa ngabakwaZtli bomdabu. Impuphu yalokhu, ngaleyo ndlela kumathoni alo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amhlophe namnyama, ahlanganiswe nekristalu ngokufana nalo lacutshungulwa, lasusa amafu ne-glaucoma ngokucacisa umbono. I-eliztehuilotlera itshe elimnyama nelicwebezelayo elivela eMixteca Alta futhi ngokungangabazeki lingezinhlobonhlobo ze-deiztli. Kuthiwa yaxosha amadimoni, yaxosha izinyoka nazo zonke izinto ezazinobuthi, yaphinde yabuyisana nokuthandwa yizikhulu.
Mayelana nomsindo we-obsidian
Lapho ama-obsidian ephuka futhi izingcezu zawo zishayana, umsindo wayo uhlukile kakhulu. Kwabomdabu yayinencazelo ekhethekile futhi baqhathanisa umsindo wangaphambi kwesikhathi weziphepho nomfudlana wamanzi ogelezayo. Phakathi kobufakazi bemibhalo maqondana nalokhu kukhona inkondlo ethi Itzapan nonatzcayan ("indawo lapho amatshe e-obsidian aqhekeka khona emanzini").
"I-Itzapan Nantzcaya, indawo esabekayo yabafileyo, lapho intonga kaMictlantecutli isebenza ngobukhosi. Kuyisithabathaba sokugcina sabantu, lapho kuhlala khona inyanga, futhi abafileyo bakhanyiswa isigaba sokuncibilika: yisifunda samatshe e-obsidia, esinamahemuhemu amakhulu mayelana amanzi ayaqubuka futhi aduma futhi aduma adudule futhi akhe iziphepho ezesabekayo ”.
Ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwama-codex aseLatin naseFlorentine, umcwaningi u-Alfredo López-Austin waphetha ngokuthi, ngokwenganekwane yaseMexico, isigaba sesishiyagalombili samazinga enza isikhala sasezulwini sinamakhona ama-obsidian slabs. Ngokwengxenye yayo, izinga lesine lendlela yabafileyo eya e-ElMictlánera ye "obsidian hill" ebabazekayo, kanti kweyesihlanu "umoya we-obsidian wahola phambili. Ekugcineni, izinga lesishiyagalolunye kwaba "indawo ye-obsidian yabafileyo," isikhala ngaphandle komgodi wentuthu obizwa nge-Itzmictlan apochcalocan.
Njengamanje, inkolelo edumile iyaqhubeka yokuthi i-obsidian inezinye zezimfanelo ezakhonjwa kuyo emhlabeni wangaphambi kweSpanishi, yingakho isathathwa njengetshe lomlingo nelingcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ingumbiwa ovela ezintabeni-mlilo, ihlobene nengxenye yomlilo futhi ibhekwa njengetshe lokuzazi ngemvelo yokwelapha, okusho ukuthi, “itshe elisebenza njengesibuko elikhanya kabuhlungu emehlweni e-ego ufuna ukubona okwakhe ukucabanga. Ngenxa yobuhle bayo, i-obsidian ibizwa ngezimfanelo ze-esoteric, okuthi, njengoba manje sibona ukuqala kwenkulungwane entsha yeminyaka, zikhula ngendlela ekhathazayo. Futhi kuthiwani ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezikhumbuzo ze-obsidian ezithengiswa ezindaweni zokuvubukula kanye nezimakethe zabavakashi!
Ngokufingqiwe, singaphetha ngokuthi i-obsidian, ngenxa yezici zayo ezihlukile zomzimba nezinhlobo zayo zobuhle, iyaqhubeka nokuba yinto esebenzisekayo futhi ekhangayo, njengoba kwakunjalo ngamasiko ahlukahlukene ayehlala ezweni lethu ezikhathini ezedlule, lapho kwakuthathwa njengesibuko senganekwane, isihlangu i-generator nomphathi wezithombe eziboniswayo.
itshe le-obsidian obsidian
