Umlando wokuqalwa kokufundiswa kwezokwakha eMexico usevele waziwa kahle: cishe ngonyaka we-1779, iMajor Engraver yeCasa de Moneda, uJerónimo Antonio Gil, owayefunde e-Academy of Nobles Artes de San Fernando , yathunyelwa eMexico nguCarlos III ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kohlamvu lwemali, nokusungula isikhungo sokuqopha.
Lapho lesi sikole sihlelekile, uGil akazange aneliseke futhi waheha uFernando José Mangino, umphathi weRoyal Mint, ukukhuthaza ukusungulwa kwesikole sobuciko obuhle njengaseSpain. Uma kuziwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, amaphutha enziwa nayizimfundamakhwela zendawo ayeyimpikiswano enhle: “isidingo sabakhi bezakhiwo abahle sibonakala kuwo wonke umbuso kangangokuthi akekho noyedwa ongehluleka ukukuqaphela; ikakhulukazi eMexico, lapho ukuqamba amanga kwalesi siza nokwanda ngokushesha kwabantu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthola isisombululo esifanele sokuqina nokunethezeka kwezakhiwo, ”kubika uMangino.
Lapho iziphathimandla zendawo sezikholisekile, imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa yobuciko yezicukuthwane yaphakanyiswa kwatholakala neminye imixhaso, amakilasi aqala ngo-1781, esebenzisa okwesikhashana isakhiwo esifanayo saseMoneda (namuhla iMuseum of Cultures). UCarlos III unikeza imvume yakhe, akhiphe izimiso, angagcini izinkulungwane ezintathu kwezingu-peso eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili eziyishumi nambili ezicelwe uViceroy Mayorga futhi uncoma ukwakhiwa kweSan Pedro neSan Pablo ukusungula i-Academy. NgoNovemba 4, 1785, ukuvulwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-Academy of Noble Arts yaseSan Carlos de la Nueva España kwenzeka. Igama elihlonishwayo liqhathaniswa nesizotha samakamelo ahlala kuwo iminyaka eyisithupha eMint efanayo. UGil uqokwe njenge-CEO, futhi ufundisa ukuqoshwa kwezindondo. Umakhi wezakhiwo u-Antonio González Velázquez wathunyelwa evela eSan Fernando Academy ukuba aqondise isigaba sokwakha, uManuel Arias wokuqoshwa, noGinés Andrés de Aguirre noCosme de Acuña njengabaqondisi bokudweba. Kamuva, uJoaquín Fabregat waba ngumqondisi wezinhlangano zokunyathelisa.
Phakathi kwemithetho kuyashiwo ukuthi, esigabeni ngasinye, kuzoba nabafundi abane asebethathe umhlalaphansi abangahle basebenzise sonke isikhathi sabo esifundweni, ukuthi kufanele babe ngegazi elimsulwa (iSpanishi noma iNdiya), ukuthi njalo njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuzoklonyeliswa izindondo zabaculi abahamba phambili, “futhi ukuthi abantu abathile bazohambela amakilasi anjengalokhu nganoma yini enganikezwa othishanhloko kanjalo nokuphazamisa izingxoxo namathoyizi entsha. "
Indawo yokubukisa ngobuciko yaqala ukwakhiwa, ngemidwebo eyayilethwe ikakhulukazi kwizindlu zezindela ezazicindezelwe, futhi kusukela ngo-1782 uCarlos III wayala ukuthi kuthunyelwe izincwadi zenze umtapo wezincwadi wase-Academy. Ngeqoqo lesibili (1785) umtapo wezincwadi unezihloko ezingama-84 zazo ezingama-26 ezazakhiwe ngezokwakha. Kwakwanele ukubona izingqikithi zalokhu ukubona ukuthi umkhuba wesikole wawuchazwa: ukwelashwa kukaVitruvius noViola, ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene, eminye imisebenzi yama-classical oda, iHerculaneum, iPompeii, i-Roman Antiquity (iPiranesi), Ikholomu ka-Antonino, iLas Izinto zakudala zePalmira phakathi kwabanye. Uprofesa wokuqala wezokwakha, uGonzález Velázquez ngokwemvelo wayenenkambiso yakudala.
Ngo-1791 uManuel Tolsá weza eMexico neqoqo lezinto ezenziwe ngopulasitela ezibaziwe zaseYurophu, owangena esikhundleni sikaManuel Arias njengomqondisi ozimele wezithombe. Ngawo lowo nyaka i-Academy yasungulwa esakhiweni okwakungokwesibhedlela i-del del Amor de Dios, esakhelwe iziguli ezinama-buboes nezifo ze-venereal. Kuqale kwaqashwa isibhedlela esasiyizindlu nezindlu ezinamathiselwe bese zithengwa, zahlala lapho unomphela. Kube nemizamo engaphumelelanga yokwakhela i-Academy ibhilidi lapho iKolishi Yezimayini yakhiwa khona kamuva, futhi kwenziwa nemizamo yokushintsha izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene.
Isitshudeni sokuqala esathola isihloko sobungcweti kwezokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwakungu-Esteban González ngo-1788, owethula iphrojekthi yamasiko. Izinga lokufaneleka kwezakhiwo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo liyacelwa ngabantu abanolwazi njengabadwebi bamapulani: UTolsá, owayeseneziqu zokuqoshwa eSpain; UFrancisco Eduardo Tresguerras noJosé Damián Ortiz de Castro. Ukuphothula iziqu, le misebenzi emithathu eyethulwe: UTolsá waseColegio de Minería, i-altarpiece kanye neseli leMarquesa de Selva Nevada esigodlweni seRegina; U-Ortiz, owayengumpetha wezokwakha kuleli dolobha nasethempelini elikhulu, wethula iphrojekthi yokwakha kabusha isonto eTulancingo; UTresguerras wafaka isicelo salesi sicoco ngo-1794, kepha akukho lutho olutholakele ezinqolobaneni zokugcina ze-Academy ukukhombisa ukuthi usitholile.
Ochwepheshe bezokwakha ababeqokwe nguMkhandlu Wedolobha kwakudingeka bamukelwe kwizifundiswa ezifanelekile ngesibopho sokuthi ngaphambi kokwenza umsebenzi kufanele bethule iphrojekthi kwiBhodi Ephakeme Kahulumeni, futhi bazithobe “ngaphandle kwempendulo noma izaba ku ukulungiswa okwenziwe kuzo ngesexwayiso sokuthi uma kwenzeka kwephulwa umthetho bazojeza kanzima ”. Kodwa-ke, labo thisha, ngokuvamile ababenolwazi olusebenzayo kuphela, baxazulula izinkinga zabo ngokwenza abafundi be-Academy babe ngabadwebi bekhathuni. Akwaziwa ukuthi i-Academy yakhipha nini isihloko se-surveyor noma nini. Kuyacaca ukuthi u-Antonio Icháurregui, umpetha omkhulu wezokwakha wasePuebla kanye nezifundiswa ezingaphezu kwezibalo zeReal de San Carlos, ucele lesi sihloko ngonyaka we-1797.
Isikole saphuza ukuvela. Ngo-1796, imisebenzi yabafundi abayi-11 (ababekade bekhona nayo yafakwa) yathunyelwa emncintiswaneni owawubanjelwe eMadrid Academy, futhi imibono yejaji yayingathandeki neze; maqondana nokudweba nokubaza kwathiwa amamodeli angcono kufanele athathwe ukukopishwa hhayi imidwebo yesiFulentshi, futhi ngokuqondene nabakhi bezakhiwo zesikhathi esizayo ukuntuleka kwemigomo eyisisekelo ekudwebeni, ubukhulu nokuhlobisa kwagxekwa. Ngolwazi lobuchwepheshe kubonakala sengathi babebi kakhulu: ngo-1795 nango-1796 i-Academy iyazazi izinkinga zabo futhi yazisa umqashi ukuthi imfundiso izosebenza kangcono uma, ngaphezu kokukopisha iVitruvius neNdlu YaseCaserta, bangafunda inqubo yezintaba, ukubalwa kwamakhothamo nezindawo zokugcina impahla, izinto zokwakha, "ukwakheka kwamafomu, iscaffolding nezinye izinto eziphathelene nokwenza."
Yize selokhu yasungulwa i-Academy ibingenayo imali eyanele yezimali, ngezimpi zenkululeko yashuba. Ngo-1811 layeka ukuthola isabelo sasebukhosini kwathi ngo-1815 abanikeli balo abaqine kunabo bonke, elezimayini kanye nehhovisi lenxusa, nabo bakumisa ukulethwa kwalo. Phakathi kuka-1821 no-1824 kwakungekho okunye ababengakwenza ngaphandle kokuvala i-Academy.
Kuvuswa ngeminikelo emincane, hhayi ukusho izipho, ukwenqaba futhi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva. Othisha nabasebenzi bakweletwa izinyanga ezingama-19 zemiholo yabo emincane, kanti othisha basakhokha izindleko zokukhanyisa amakilasi asebusuku.
Ngesikhathi okuvalwa ngaso i-Academy, abanye abafundi bathuthelwa ebunzimeni bonjiniyela bezempi. UBrigadier Diego García Conde, waseSpain owayengenaso isicoco sonjiniyela, angabhekwa njengomsunguli wesikhali saseMexico. Ngo-1822, waqokwa njengoMqondisi-Jikelele Wonjiniyela, wacela kuhulumeni, njengomakadebona wesikhungo esisha, izikhulu ezazinolwazi ngezibalo, zancamela labo ababefunde e-College of Mining noma e-Academy of San Carlos. I-Athikili 8 yomthetho odala iNational Corps of Engineers ithe “… ama-brigade azosiza iZwe emisebenzini yokusetshenziswa nokuhlobisa umphakathi abakwenzayo. Isimo se-Academia de San Carlos asizange sishintshe kwaze kwaba ngu-1843, lapho sibonga u-Antonio López de Santa Anna kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezemfundo uManuel Baranda, ukumiswa kabusha kwawo okuphelele kwamiswa. Wanikezwa iLotto kazwelonke eyayivele idicilelwe phansi ukuze ngemikhiqizo yakhe akwazi ukubhekana nezindleko. I-Academy yanika umfutho omkhulu kule lotto kangangokuba kwaba nokudla okusele okwakunikelwe emisebenzini yokusiza.
Abaqondisi bokupenda, ukubaza nokuqopha babuyiswa bevela eYurophu ngamaholo ahloniphekile; Izimpesheni zibuyiselwa ngokuthumela abantu abasha abayisithupha ukuba bazithuthukise eYurophu, futhi isakhiwo abebeqashe kuso kuze kube yileso sikhathi siyathengwa, okunikeza ilungelo lokuba yisakhiwo sokuqala enhlokodolobha ukuthola ukukhanyiswa kwegesi.
Phakathi kuka-1847 no-1857, iminyaka emine yomsebenzi wawuhlanganisa lezi zifundo ezilandelayo: Unyaka wokuqala: i-arithmetic, i-algebra, i-geometry, umdwebo wemvelo. Okwesibili: i-calculus yokuhlaziya, yokwehlukanisa neyokuhlanganisa, umdwebo wokwakha. Okwesithathu: imishini, i-geometry echazayo, umdwebo wokwakha. Okwesine: stereotomy, imishini yokwakha nokwakha okusebenzayo, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo. Phakathi kothisha kwakunoVicente Heredia, Manuel Gargollo y Parra, Manuel Delgado kanye nabafowethu uJuan noRamón Agea, laba sebethathe umhlalaphansi eYurophu futhi babuyela ngo-1853. Ngalolu hlelo lokufunda bathola, phakathi kwabanye, uVentura Alcérrega, Luis G U-Anzorena noRamón Rodríguez Arangoity.
ICollege of Mining yaqeqesha abahloli, onjiniyela bezimayini, onjiniyela abacwaningayo futhi ekugcineni kwaba nochwepheshe bemigwaqo, onjiniyela bejografi abaphothula iziqu zabo, kodwa akubanga nampendulo ekufunweni kwamabhuloho, amachweba kanye nojantshi okwase kuqale ukuthuthuka eMexico.
Ngo-1844-1846, uMkhandlu Wedolobha wakha isikhundla sonjiniyela bezokwakha, esikhundleni salowo we-Master Mayor wedolobha, owawusetshenziswe kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. Kodwa-ke, bekuyi-aphoyintimenti elula ebingatholwa ngabakhi bezakhiwo noma onjiniyela bezempi abakhombise, futhi, ulwazi lwezinkinga ze-paving, ukufakwa kwe-hydraulic kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlangene ngokujwayelekile.
Ngo-1856, uMongameli Comonfort wanquma ukuthi izihlalo zizokwandiswa eNational School of Agriculture ukuze kusungulwe imisebenzi emithathu: ezolimo, ezokwelapha kanye nezobunjiniyela. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zonjiniyela abazoqeqeshwa: abadwebi bomhlaba noma abahloli bamazwe, onjiniyela bemishini kanye nonjiniyela bamabhuloho nabasemgwaqeni, kepha konke kusikisela ukuthi akwenzekanga futhi i-Academia de San Carlos yathatha isinyathelo sokuqala sokungasitholi isikole esihlanganisiwe sobunjiniyela bomphakathi, kepha ukuhlanganiswa kwayo yomibili imisebenzi. Isizathu sokuhlanganisa ubunjiniyela nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kungenzeka ukuthi kube ukubuyela kumqondo wendabuko wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ukunikeza ukubaluleka kwezici zobuchwepheshe zalo mkhakha, noma mhlawumbe ukukhulisa amathuba emisebenzi alabo abaphothule.
Ethunywe yiBhodi Elilawulayo le-Academy, uJuan Brocca, umdwebi wezakhiwo waseMexico owayehlala eMilan, waqala ukubheka e-Italy umuntu ozothatha isikhundla sokuba ngumqondisi wesigaba sezokwakha, owayezokwazi kakhulu ubunjiniyela. Uyakwazi ukukholisa uJavier Cavallari, uprofesa e-University of Palermo, umphathi we-Albert of Saxony Order, oyilungu leRoyal Institute of British Architects, udokotela wesigungu sezemfundo saseGöttingen, okwathi, ngaphezu komakhi noma unjiniyela, owayekade eyisazi-mlando nomvubukuli. UCavallari wafika eMexico ngo-1856 kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo isikole sahlelwa kabusha ngomsebenzi wokwakha izakhiwo nonjiniyela.
Uhlelo lwezifundo beluthathe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili uma kubhekwa lokho manje okwakha isikole samabanga aphezulu. Bekuthathwa njengesifundo sokuqala lapho kwafundwa khona izibalo nokudweba (umhlobiso, izibalo kanye nejometri) futhi lolu lwazi lwavunyelwa, uma abafundi bebeneminyaka eyi-14 bangalandela iminyaka eyisikhombisa yezifundo zobungcweti lapho kufundiswa lezi zifundo ezilandelayo:
Unyaka wokuqala: i-trigonometry, i-geometry ehlaziyayo, ukudweba kanye nokuchazwa kwama-oda akudala, umhlobiso wezakhiwo nowomzimba. Unyaka wesibili: izigaba ze-conic, ukubalwa okuhlukile nokuhlanganisiwe, amakhophi ezikhumbuzo zazo zonke izitayela namakhemikhali angajwayelekile. Unyaka wesithathu: imishini enengqondo, i-geometry echazayo, ukwakheka nokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye zesakhiwo esinemininingwane yokwakhiwa kwaso, izakhi ze-geology kanye ne-mineralogy kanye ne-topography. Unyaka wesine: umbono we-static wokwakhiwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-geometry echazayo, ubuciko bokuphrojusa nokudweba komshini. Unyaka wesihlanu: imishini esetshenzisiwe, inkolelo yokwakhiwa kanye nezibalo zezindawo zokugcina impahla, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ubuciko bobuciko obuhle nomlando wezakhiwo, izinsimbi ze-geodetic nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Unyaka wesithupha: ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo yensimbi ejwayelekile, ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho, imisele neminye imisebenzi yokubacindezela, ukwakhiwa kwezomthetho. Unyaka wesikhombisa: zijwayeze nonjiniyela wezakhiwo ofanele Lapho eseqedile, kwakumele ahambisane nokuhlolwa kobungoti kwemisebenzi emibili, omunye owezitimela kanti omunye owebhuloho.
Izimiso zika-1857 zazihlanganisa nabakhi abangochwepheshe, okwakudingeka bafakazele ngokuhlolwa ukuthi baqeqeshiwe ezifundweni zenkambo efanayo yokulungiselela njengabadwebi bamapulani, futhi banolwazi olusebenzayo ngomsebenzi wamanga, ukufakwa kwesikafula, ukulungiswa, kanye nezingxube. Kwakuyimfuneko ukuthi ngizijwayeze iminyaka emithathu eceleni komakhi oyingcweti noma umakhi wezakhiwo oqinisekisiwe.
