EMexico, isimo sokufa silethe iqoqo lezinkolelo, imikhuba namasiko.
Njengamanje, futhi ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisemakhaya kanye nasemadolobheni amancane, kusabanjelwa imikhosi yoSuku Lwabafileyo. Ama-altare enziwa futhi ahlotshiswe emakhaya bese umnikelo ulethwa emathuneni emathuneni.
Ngokufika okungekho kokuthula kwesiko laseNtshonalanga, izinkolelo zasendulo zaqala ukuhlangana nomqondo wempilo yakamuva, ukuhanjiswa komphefumulo kamufi okwakuzolinda usuku lokwahlulelwa kokugcina, kanti izidumbu zabo ezifayo zaziyohlala emathuneni.
Ngakho-ke umkhuba wokungcwatshwa emathuneni, okuwukuthi, ngokwesiko, osukela esikhathini samathuna okungcwaba. Leli siko lomngcwabo okuthi, ngesikhathi esithile, liqale ukumbozwa ngezindlela zobuciko, kuzobhekwana nalo kule ndatshana.
Ukuvela kobuciko bamathuna
EMexico, umkhuba wokungcwaba umufi emathuneni wawuqale wenziwe ngaphakathi nasezindlini zamasonto.
Isampula elithambile kakhulu lalaba abangcwatshwayo lingabonakala namuhla, kakhulu, ezinhlangothini zethala elikhulu leCathedral of Mérida. Kukhona, phansi, uquqaba lwemabula namatshe amathuna e-oniksi anokuhlonza abantu abangcwatshwe lapho. Leli siko labhekwa njengelingenampilo, okwakuvinjelwa kulo ngesikhathi sokubusa kweJuarista, kwavusa amathuna omphakathi.
Ngokwesiko lasentshonalanga futhi kusukela ngesikhathi samathuna, amathuna akhulelwe njengezindawo zokuhamba lapho izidumbu zabantu zilinda khona ngokubekezela usuku lokwahlulelwa kokugcina. Kungakho amathuna embozwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zobuciko (ukubaza, ama-epitaph anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemibhalo, ukudweba, njll.) Aphethe uphawu maqondana nezinkolelo mayelana nokwenzeka ekufeni nangokuphela komphefumulo wabafileyo. oshonile. Lobu buciko bamathuna buguqukile, ngoba ngezindlela ezithile "zobuhedeni" (amakholomu aphukile nama-obelisk, izihlahla - iminyezane - namagatsha aphukile, ama-urn cinerary, abalilayo, izingebhezi) ukugcwala kwezingelosi nemiphefumulo, iziphambano nezifanekiselo ukuhlengwa. Isikhathi sokuqanjwa kobuciko nobuciko bokubhala senzeka emathuneni aseMexico kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule kuya emashumini okuqala esikhathi samanje, ezinsukwini zethu kunamacala ahlukanisiwe kuphela, ngoba ukungcwatshwa sekwenziwe kwaba ngokulinganayo futhi kwaba mpofu ngokwezinkulumo zepulasitiki. .
Lokhu kumelwa kunokubaluleka kobuhle, kepha futhi kuyizindlela zobufakazi ezisibhekisa emzimbeni wemibono nezinkolelo zamaqembu ezenhlalo azikhiqizile.
Izici zobuciko ezinkulu ubuciko bomngcwabo obukhonjiswe lapha obuvezwa ngazo zinikezwa, ngamagama aqanjiwe, ngokuya ngezibalo ze-anthropomorphic (ezinye zezinkulumo ezibunjiwe kakhulu kulolu hlobo zingenxa yababazi bemifanekiso base-Italy, abanjengoPonzanelli, ePantheon UFrancés de La Piedad, waseMexico City naseBiagi, eMkhandlwini kaMasipala wase-Aguascalientes), wezilwane, izitshalo nezinto - ngaphakathi kwazo okuyizakhiwo zokwakha nezokuqhathanisa -. Ngokwemibhalo, izinhlobo eziyinhloko "izindwangu", izingcezu okuthi, njengoba uJesús Franco Carrasco esho encwadini yakhe ethi La Loza Funeraria de Puebla: "Ziyizindwangu ... zothando ezizungeze umufi".
Izibalo ze-anthropomorphic
Enye yezinhlobo zokumelwa komuntu oshonile isithombe, esingathatha isithombe sokuqopha noma sokuthwebula lapho, lapho kunamathiselwe etsheni noma ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokungcwaba, kunesithombe sikamufi.
Isampula lesithombe esibunjiwe eMedrida pantheon yisithombe sengane uGerardo de Jesús, ophambi kwesithombe seVirgin Mary, ophethe isiphambano nezinye izimbali esifubeni sakhe, okuwuphawu lobumsulwa bobuntwana bomphefumulo kamufi.
Ukumelwa kwabakhalayo
Isibalo sabantu abalilayo singesinye sezici ezijwayele ukwenzeka phakathi kwezikhathi ze-19.
Inhloso enkulu yokuchazwa kwayo ukumelela unomphela kwezihlobo eziseduze nokuvalelwa kokugcina kwezihlobo zazo ezifile, njengophawu lothando nokuhlonipha inkumbulo yazo.
Lezi zibalo zithola ama-nuances ahlukahlukene: kusuka ezinhlotsheni zesifazane eziguqa, zidangele, ngaphambi kwamabhokisi (Joseph Suárez de Rivas tomb, 1902. Mérida Municipal Pantheon), kulabo ababonakala beguqa, bethandaza, nalokho okunikelwe ekuphumuleni umphefumulo waphakade kamufi. Isibonelo esivelele, ngokwemifanekiso ebaziwe, yithuna lika-vlvaro Medina R. (1905, Mérida Municipal Pantheon). Kufanele ukuthi ushonile, esembhedeni wokufa futhi embozwe isembozo, ngenkathi kuvela unkosikazi wakhe, ephakamisa ingxenye yesembozo ebusweni bakhe ukusho ukuvalelisa kokugcina.
Ukumelelwa kwemiphefumulo nezibalo zezingelosi
Ukumelwa kwesithombe semiphefumulo kungathatha amafomu epulasitiki aphumelele kakhulu, njengasesimeni sethuna lomndeni waseCaturegli, eLa Piedad Pantheon, lapho kubonakala khona owesimame endizela esiphambanweni. Izibalo zezingelosi zifeza umsebenzi wokusiza oshonile ekuguqukeni kwabo baye empilweni yangemva kokufa. Kunjalo-ke isibalo se-psychopompos, ingelosi yomqhubi wemiphefumulo epharadesi (iThuna likaManuel Arias-1893 noMa. Del Carmen Luján de A.-1896-Chapel we-Divine Master. Mérida, Yuc.).
Okumelwe ngempumelelo yithuna likaNkk. Ma. De la Luz Obregón noDon Francisco de Paula Castañeda (1898). Womabili la mathuna atholakala eMkhandlwini kaMasipala waseGuanajuato, eGto. Kuyena, ngasohlangothini lwayo ungabona isithombe sosayizi wokuphila sengelosi ekhombe esibhakabhakeni, ngenkathi ithuna likaDon Francisco likhombisa isithombe sowesifazane omuhle ohlala encike eduze kwesiphambano, ngokubuka okunokuthula eqondiswe ezulwini. Isethi ebabazekayo yesithombe yenziwe ngumqophi uJ. Capetta y Ca de de Guadalajara.
Izibalo, izilwane kanye nezitshalo
Esinye sezibalo ezisikisela ukuzwelana kakhulu yiso esimele ugebhezi lwe-gaunt oluneziqu eziwele. Lesi sifaniso esiyindabamlonyeni esidalweni somuntu oshonile, sohlelo “lobuhedeni” nolunye lwezimpawu zokufa, sinobukhona obuthile emathuneni amathuna amathuna amadala aseChilapa, eGro. Ematsheni amathuna ayi-172 (ama-70% esewonke) enziwe ngekhulu le-19, ugebhezi luvela kwelingu-11, olunezinsuku ezisukela ku-1864 kuya ku-1889. Kuyafana.
Izimpawu eziyinhloko ezinezimo zezilwane engizirekhodile ijuba, elimele umphefumulo kamufi lapho ebalekela esibhakabhakeni, futhi iwundlu-elihlobene nomfanekiso kaKristu umntwana, likhona "njengomfanekiso woMalusi Omuhle" - (URamírez, op .cit.: 198).
Imifino iba nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kwayo okumele sigqamise lokho kwezihlahla, amagatsha neziqu - ngendlela yemiqhele noma imingcele - naleyo yezimbali, ngendlela yama-garland, ama-bouquets noma eyedwa. Ukumelwa kwezihlahla ezinqunyiwe kuhlobene nesihlahla sokuphila nezimpilo ezisikiwe.
Izakhi zokwakha nezifanekiselo
Ngaphezu kohlobo oluthile lokuhlobisa okuvamile emathuneni, kunezinye izethulo zokwakha ezibhekisa kokufanekisa okuthile. Ukuvulwa komnyango wethuna njengomnyango oya ezweni elingaphansi noma emhlabeni wangemva komhlaba, njengoPuerta deI Hadesi (Ibid: 203), kutholakala ethuneni lengane uHumberto Losa T. (1920) weMasipala waseMerida nasemausoleum we Umndeni kaReyes Retana, ePantheon yaseFrance yase-Ia Piedad.
Amakholomu aphukile abhekise "emcabangweni womzamo wokuphila osebenzayo ophazanyiswe ukufa" (Ibid., Log. Cit.) (ITomb of Stenie Huguenin de Cravioto, Pachuca Municipal Pantheon, Hgo.), Ngenkathi emathuneni amaningana kungatholakala Ukumelwa kwamasonto emathuneni (Mérida Municipal Pantheon), mhlawumbe ukukhumbula iqhaza elabanjwa yilezi zakhiwo ekuqaleni komkhuba wokungcwaba ezweni lethu.
Ngokuphathelene nezindebe nezifanekiselo zobungcweti noma zeqembu, lezi zinhlobo zezimpawu, ezihambisana nomsebenzi wasemhlabeni womuntu oshonile, emathuneni aseMerida indawo ebekelwe amalungu emizi yama-Masonic lodges iyabonakala.
Izinto ze-algorical kanye nama-shrouds
Kunezici eziningana zesithonjana ezibhekisa kuzimpawu ezihlobene nokufa, ubucayi nokuntengantenga kwempilo, isikhathi esifushane, njll. Phakathi kwabo, kufanelekile ukuthi sisho izingilazi zamahora ezinamaphiko (njengeportico yamathuna amadala aseTaxco), amasikela, imishina yesinema, ithoshi eliguquliwe. Ezinye izethulo zinohlamvu lobuningi, ngoba ezinye izakhi zamathuna ziyakhiqizwa emathuneni.
Lona kanye umpheme wamathuna eSiphambano, edolobheni lase-Aguascalientes, umsebenzi womdwebi u-Refugio Reyes, uyisibonelo esihle sokusetshenziswa kwesifaniso sokuphela kobukhona: incwadi enkulu omega, ekhombise ukuphela kwempilo. , (ngenkathi incwadi ye-alpha isho ukuqala) eqoshwe enkwalini epinki, ivumela ukufinyelela emathuneni.
Isembozo, njengenkulumo ebhaliwe, siphathwe ngendlela enhle kakhulu nguJesús Franco Carrasco, ohlaziya, kulo msebenzi oshiwo ngenhla, izici kanye nencazelo etholwe yilokho kubonakaliswa kobuhle.
Kwenzeka into engaqondakali, isibalo sendwangu yangishukumisela ukuthi ngiqale uphenyo ngobuciko bomngcwabo futhi kwaba yindwangu eyashukumisela uFranco ukuthi aqale olwakhe uphenyo. I-epitaph engiyitholile ibhalwe ngo-1903, kanti eyodwa eseToxtepec, ePue., Okubhekiselwa kuyo uFranco, ingeminyaka emi-4 kuphela kamuva.
Ngibhala isembozo seminyaka edlule ukuze ngiphethe le migqa:
Misa umgibeli!
Kungani uhamba ungakhulumanga nami?
Yebo ngoba ngivela emhlabathini wena ungowenyama
Usheshisa isinyathelo sakho kancane
Ngilalele isikhashana mlingani
Isicelo engisenzayo sifushane futhi siyazithandela,
Ngithandazeleni uBaba Wethu nesembozo
Uqhubeke nemashi yakho… Ngizokulinda lapha!
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esinguNombolo 13 Juni-Julayi 1996
