Funda ngomlando weFleet Fair, owawubanjelwe eXalapa okokuqala ngqa ngo-1721.
UMauricio Ramos
Vele, imikhiqizo enikezwa ngabathengisi beFleet, abathengiswa ngenhloso yokuthola "isiliva elingabhekiwe ngamabomu", bekufanele yenze, ikakhulukazi, ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zabantu baseSpain nabaseCreole, abafake kulokho abakutholile, yize ayenekhwalithi ephansi nentengo ephezulu, ukuqinisekiswa kokwehluka kwawo nezinga lawo emphakathini. Isibonelo: abenzi bekhofi, izinti zamakhandlela, izinsingo, izikele, amakhekhe, amakhadi okudlala, insipho, amanzi anemibala, amasokisi athungiwe nama-leggings; ama-buckles, i-taffeta, amalineni, ama-mantillas, i-mesh nezikhafu ezinezimbali, i-muslin, i-chambray; imifekethiso ye-holán batista, i-madras ne-balasor, usilika nebhande le-satin, ama-marseille anemibala, ama-carranclans avela eNdiya; Ukotini waseJalimane nezingubo zokulala nezintambo ezivela kuFlanders, intambo yaseFrance, ama-Emies namaMamody, kwakuyizinto ezibalulekile ezingutsheni ezazikhombisa isigaba sabo senhlalo, yize ezikhathini eziningi izingubo zokugqoka ezazivela ku-trousseau zazingena ekhabethe lezinye iimestizo.
Ngomsebenzi wezimayini obaluleke kakhulu, ama-pickaxes, wedges, izithende zezithende nama-barrette athengiwe. Lezi zinsimbi zazibaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwamandla ezisebenzi ezimayini, ukuthi "kwi-Odinensi kahulumeni wezimayini zasePachuca naseReal del Monte", eyakhiwa nguDon Francisco Javier Gamboa (1766), yasungulwa: "... Ngizokwenza sengathi ulahlekelwe yisilinganiso esiphakeme noma isigaxa obekuyisikhundla sakho, umholo wakho uzokwehliswa ngezindleko eziqondile ... "
Ezinhlanganweni ezahlukahlukene, ezinjengababazi, zazithenga ama-adzes, ama-gouge, futhi zibona izindwani; okwezimatshe zamatshe: ama-escoda, ama-auger; okwenziwa ngabenzi bensimbi: insimbi emigoqweni, eqoshiwe, ebethelwe futhi eyisicaba, ama-anvils, izando zomgunyathi nedwala, namashizolo.
Ukutshala umvini akuvunyelwe eNew Spain, bekubalulekile ukuthola amapayipi, amapayipi uhhafu nama-cuarterolas ewayini elibomvu, i-chacalí, i-aloque, iJerezano neMalaga kusuka emikhunjini. Futhi ukuqinisa ukunambitheka kwaseSpain esidlweni kuvela ukuthi kunesidingo nokunambitheka kwe-mestizo, izithako ezinjengomisiwe omisiwe, i-capers, iminqumo, ama-alimondi, ama-hazelnut, ushizi weParmesan, i-chazina hams ne-chorizo, amajeke kawoyela noviniga kwathengwa ngemiphongolo. Yonke le mikhiqizo, ngoba iyonakala, bekufanele ithengiswe ePort efanayo yaseVeracruz, ngokuya ngemithetho esungulwe eXalapa Fair.
Izinto ezahlukahlukene ezenziwe ngabesilisa nabesifazane ezivela ngaphesheya kolwandle ezalethwa yimikhumbi, azange zibe yimpahla nje kuphela ngenxa yokuthengwa okwenziwayo, kodwa futhi zaba luphawu lokugqama noma lokuqinisekisa ubunikazi obusongelwa ngokusiphulwa. Kepha, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwakuyizinto ezazifundisa izindlela ezintsha zokucacisa noma zokucacisa kabusha okwakukhona eNew Spain, njengamakhosi amancane akwaMidas, ayethwele ngemuva komnyuzi, ayezimisele ukuguqula ubudlelwano babesilisa nabesifazane babo.
Ngokuphikisana nokuhweba okwenziwe nezihloko ezivela emikhunjini eyayifika ngezikhathi ezithile (ngisho nangezikhathi zemikhawulo), kwakukhona okunye okuncane kakhulu, kepha okuqhubekayo, namanye amachweba ezwekazi laseMelika kunokuthunyelwa kwawo AmaBrigantine, imicibisholo, ama-sloops, ama-frigates nama-urcas, ayevame ukwanelisa izidingo zemakethe yangaphakathi, egcwalisa ngaphandle kwemvume umthetho wezohwebo wokuthola inzuzo ephezulu noma ukulahlekelwa okuncane, ikakhulukazi lapho kunabantu abaningi nabampofu ababekwazi ukuyinciphisa.
Ngale ndlela, iminyaka eyalamula phakathi kokufika kwemikhumbi ngayinye yagcwaliswa ngabezentengiselwano abathi, ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezithile noma izivumelwano ezicacile, noma ngokumane nje bashushumbise, okwenziwa amandla okulwa ngaleso sikhathi: iNgilandi, iHolland neFrance noma abezizwe uqobo. AbaseSpain ukuthi ngezikebhe ezizimele nelayisensi enikezwe yiNkosi yaseSpain uFelipe V (1735) enziwa ngetheku laseVeracruz.
Lokhu kwenzeka kukakhokho owalethwa yi- "Goleta de Maracaibo", eyayiphukelwe umkhumbi ohlangothini olubheke ngumoya lweTheku laseVeracruz (1762); Lapho nje iningi lempahla seligcinekile, lalibekwa endlini yomenzi wewayini echwebeni elifanayo. Ngemuva kokuthatha isinqumo sokuthi ngabe "ilinyazwe ngamanzi olwandle", kuphethwe ukuthi "bekungeyona into ekahle kwezempilo yomphakathi" ngoba iqukethe "i-acrid, usawoti, i-acidic ne-sultry eningi kakhulu". Ngaphezu kwalokho "ulwandle belusenze mnyama kakhulu kunalokho obekufanele futhi iphunga laso belumdaka."
Lapho sibhekene nombono onjalo odikibalisayo nowesayensi, kwafunwa okungatheni kakhulu: yize kwakuyiqiniso ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukakhokho kwakungeyona "ekahle impilo yomphakathi", futhi kwakuyiqiniso ukuthi "ukukuxuba ngobuningi namanye amakhokho anezimo ezinhle futhi ikakhulukazi uma Bayasizakala ngesiphuzo abasibiza nge-champurrado, pinole ne-chilate, abantu abampofu bakuleli abasiphuza ngobuningi ”, ukuthengiswa kwabo kwavunyelwa.
Phakathi kokuhweba okukhulu kwemikhumbi ngemikhiqizo enentengo ephezulu kanye nezinga elincane labashayeli bezikole abahlala bodwa, kanye nokushushumbisa ezentengiselwano okungayekanga ukwenzeka, bacubungula kabusha eMqhele waseSpain isidingo sokuvumela, okokuqala, ukushintshana kwezomthetho ne Iziqhingi zaseCaribbean (1765), bese kumiswa uhlelo lwemikhumbi kanye nokulunga kwayo okuthathwa njengendawo yokuhweba futhi, ekugcineni, kuvuleke iminyango yombuso wezohwebo wamahhala (1778).
IXalapa yaguqulwa yaba idolobha elalithole ubumbano nencazelo ngaphansi komthelela wombukiso, yize lashintsha izakhamuzi zalo zobuntu, "amasiko nemicabango, ngoba ngaphandle kobuhlakani babo bemvelo, bayeka ukuzivocavoca kanye nama-ejensi ababekade bekugcina, kulandela okusha amasistimu anemvunulo, isitayela, indlela nesimo sesimenywa saseYurophu ”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize imibukiso ibinikeza "ukukhazimula edolobheni ngokwandayo nasemphakathini", omakhelwane babo kanye nabahlonishwa (...) bazigcwalisa ngothayela lokulingisa, baguqula umshini baqala futhi baqhubeka nokutshala izimali zabo emafemini ezindlu, okwathi manje sezivaliwe futhi zichithakele futhi abantu abasezikhundleni bechitha izwe lakubo ukuze bazalise lowo obanikeza ukudla ”.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, "Inkatho amaNdiya angabanikazi bayo lapha iningi kakhulu enyakeni" ngenxa yokushoda kokuhlwanyela futhi abambalwa abayihlwanyelayo "maphakathi nokuvuna basike indlebe ukuze bathengise ummbila nge-mictura (sic) abayibiza ngokuthi yi-el chilatole, ukusala osizini lokuthenga ngemuva konyaka wonke ukuze bathole ukudla kwabo. Akekho umNdiya kuleli dolobha, ngisho nangezinjinga; konke akuphumi ekungajabuleni kwabo ... "
E-Villa de Xalapa kube nokulandelana kokuhwebelana ngokuzimela okwakushiye abambalwa benelisekile futhi abaningi besosizini; Kodwa-ke, yahlala iyindlela eyilungelo kulabo ababedla izindishi, labo "batilosi abaphakathi nezwe" ababaluleke kakhulu ekuhwebeni okukhululekile okwakuzokuza.
