Lapho ukuhweba okuqondile phakathi kweManila neNew Spain kwakhiwa ngo-1573, kudlula iNao de China, ukwehluka okukhulu kwezinto zikanokusho ezivela eMpumalanga kwaqala ukufika ezweni lethu, ngaphezu kwezinongo zenani elikhulu, njengobucwebe, abalandeli, njll. ama-lacquers, iphepha lodonga elenziwe ngesandla, amatshali endlovu, ifenisha, amathoyizi nazo zonke izinhlobo zezindwangu zikasilika nezikakotini, zonke izinto eziheha ukubukisa nokutholakala kwazo. Omunye wabo ugqame ngendlela ephawulekayo ngaphezu kwabanye: ubumba omuhle waseChina.
Amapulangwe okuqala afika eNew Spain ayeluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe ngokuhlobisa okuphelele kanye nezimo; Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngekhulu le-18 kuya phambili, izingcezu ze-polychrome zafakwa kulokhu kuhweba, phakathi kwazo lezo zesitayela namuhla esisazi njengePorcelana de Compañía de Indias, ethatha igama layo ezinkampanini zasolwandle i-East India Companies -European. okokuqala ukuthutha nokuthengisa eYurophu ngohlelo lwesampula.
Ukucaciswa kwale porcelain kuxhomeke ekutheni ubujamo bayo buphefumulelwe ngubumba lwaseNtshonalanga kanye nokwenza igolide nokuhlobisa kwalo kuxubanisa imidwebo yamaShayina neyaseNtshonalanga, njengoba yayenzelwe ngokukhethekile, yabunjwa futhi yahlotshiswa ukuhlelela ukwanelisa ukunambitheka okudingayo kwaseYurophu. naseMelika.
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, i-Porcelain Company of the Indies yenziwa edolobheni laseJingdezhen, okwakuyisikhungo esikhulu sobumba eChina; Ukusuka lapho, yayiswa eCanton, lapho izinhlobonhlobo zezingcezu zazinikelwa kumasifundisane athola amapulangwe amhlophe, noma ahlotshiswe kancane, ukuze engezwe izihlangu noma ama-initials wabanikazi bakusasa lapho kufika ama-oda. .
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkampani zemikhumbi zazinenqwaba yezingcezu zazo ezihlotshiswe ngemiklamo ejwayelekile, okuchaza ukuthi kungani sivame ukuthola amamodeli afanayo kumaqoqo aseMexico nakwamanye amazwe.
Kwakuphakathi nekhulu le-18 lapho abaphathi abasha baseSpain belandela imfashini esungulwe ukunambitheka kwaseYurophu kokuthola i-porcelain futhi baqala ama-oda abo, kodwa ngomzila ohlukile kulowo wezinkampani ze-Indies. Njengoba iNew Spain ibingenayo inkampani yasolwandle esungulwe ngqo eCanton, ukuthengiswa kweCompañía de Indias Porcelain kwenziwa ngokungenelela kwabasebenzeli beNew Spain - abazinze eManila - noma abalingani babo basePhilippines, abacele izingcezu ezahlukahlukene zobumba ezihlotshiswe ngabathengisi baseChina abafika kulelo chweba.
Kamuva, lapho ama-oda esekulungile, athunyelwa ogwini lwaseNew Spain. Kakade lapha, abathengisi abakhulu bathola okuthengiswayo futhi babephethe ukuthengiswa kwayo, kungaba ngokuthengisa ezitolo noma ukusabalalisa ngezindlu zentengiso ezazithumela kubantu noma ezikhungweni ezazithumele ukwenza i-tableware yabo ngesicelo esikhethekile.
Amanye amapulangwe aze eza njengezipho. Amapuleti, amapuleti, ama-tureen, amapani kasoso, ojeke, imicengezi, izindishi, amakha nama-spittoons, ngezinye zezinto ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke, ezimiselwe itafula, indlu yangasese futhi, kwesinye isikhathi, zokuhlobisa, okwakudingeka ukuthi amaShayina azivumelanise nazo imiklamo yendabuko ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sobumba eNtshonalanga.
Ikakhulukazi emakethe yaseNew Spain, kwenziwa uchungechunge lwezinto ezifana ne-mancerinas - esetshenziswa kanye nenkomishi ukuphuza ushokoledi odumile- kanye nochungechunge lwezinsizakalo zethebula, umhlobiso wazo omkhulu owawuhlanganisa isihlangu somndeni noma sesikhungo maphakathi nezicucu bakwenza.
Injalo-ke iProclamation Tableware edumile ebinomcimbi wokukhumbula ukwedlula owe-utilitarian futhi yathunyelwa ivela e-China ukuthi isatshalaliswe phakathi kwamadoda adume kakhulu kuleli dolobha njengesikhumbuzo sokumenyezelwa kukaCarlos IV esihlalweni sobukhosi saseSpain. Ngakho-ke, amaKhansela Omkhandlu waseMexico, uPuebla de los Ángeles, iValladolid (namuhla iMorelia), iSan Miguel El Grande (namuhla eyi-Allende), iConsulate yaseMexico, iRoyal Court kanye neRoyal nePontifical University bathumele ukuyodlala le midlalo njengengxenye ngaphezulu kwemikhosi ebabazekayo yalowo mphakathi wama-baroque.
Amahawu amelwe kuzo athathwe emiklamweni yezindondo zesikhumbuzo ezenziwe ngumqophi odumile uGerónimo Antonio Gil, uSenior Carver weRoyal Mint kanye nomqondisi wokuqala weRoyal Academy yaseSan Carlos, owenza amamodeli amaningana wezindondo phakathi kuka-1789 no-1791 kwezinye izinkantolo, imikhandlu namahholo amadolobha, futhi njengesikhumbuzo salo mcimbi. Ukwethembeka okwenziwa amaShayina lapho bekopisha khona amamodeli abo kuyamangalisa, ngoba baphinde bakhiqiza nesiginesha kaGil kumahawu ahlobisa izinto.
EMexico namuhla amanye alawa mapulangwe aphila, kokubili emaqoqweni angasese naseminyuziyamu, kufaka phakathi iNational Museum of the Viceroyalty noma iFranz Mayer ekhombisa izibonelo okungenani eziyisithupha ezivelele zezitsha ngesikhathi sazo ebeziyingxenye yeTableware. weSimemezelo. Ngokuvamile, izingcezu zazenziwe ngesinamathisela esivamile esiholela ekwakhiweni okufana nesikhumba se-orange; kodwa-ke, siyabonga kubo ukunakekelwa kokuchaza ngisho nemininingwane emincane kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni.
Lawa ma-enamel enziwa nge-metallic oxides yayo yonke imibala, yize kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, obomvana negolide. Izingcezu eziningi zazihlobiswe ngomugqa onemibala, ubukhazikhazi begolide kanye nomngcele othile owaziwa ngokuthi "iPunta de Lanza", okungukuthi, isitayela noma ukuhunyushwa kwe fleur de lis nokuthi lokho kanye nokuthungwa okunolaka kukhombisa ukuthi yiPorcelain Company yama-Indies.
Ngesikhathi lapho izikhulu zazinempilo yomphakathi ecebile, ehlukahlukene futhi exakekile eyayihilela amaphathi nemibuthano futhi lapho ubukhazikhazi babubonakaliswa khona obala, kokubili ezembatho nasezindlini, le porcelain yayinendawo evelele e-trousseau zamakhosi nezigodlo, zabelana ngendawo nabasiki besiliva baseMexico, amakristalu aseBohemia kanye nelineni elicwebezelayo letafula ngentambo yaseFlanders.
Ngeshwa, ukukhiqizwa kwePorcelain de Compania de Indias kwehlile njengoba abaseYurophu benza ubuciko bobumba - ubumba obuhle kakhulu-, kepha akungabazeki ukuthi lobu buciko obubabazekayo obuvela eChina babuthonya kakhulu ukunambitheka Umphakathi waseMexico ngaleso sikhathi futhi lokhu kubonakala ekukhiqizweni kwasendaweni kwe-ceramic, ikakhulukazi lokho kweTalavera Puebla, zombili ngezindlela zayo kanye nezimpawu zokuhlobisa.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-25 Julayi / Agasti 1998
